STP

STP is the standard temperature and pressure. For gases and this unit we learned that the temperature at STP is a temperature of 0 degrees Celsius and and a pressure of 1 atmosphere. This information is necessary when other parts of the gas, such as the moles, are wanted to be discovered at STP.
 All of the information listed must be known/used for the equations mentioned in my earlier posts.

Here is are two links that explain this in more depth:
 http://chemistry.about.com/od/gas2/f/What-Is-Stp-In-Chemistry.htm
http://www.kentchemistry.com/links/GasLaws/STP.htm

Another thing that is important to know, is the units necessary to complete the equations that you use:

Air Bag Lab

This week we will be completing a lab where we have to create a makeshift air bag that doesn't have too much air nor too little. We will have to use both stoichiometry as well as the molar volume of gas to design a plan for the air bag. 

Here is a link that describes the concept of an air bag: http://auto.howstuffworks.com/car-driving-safety/safety-regulatory-devices/airbag.htm

In air bags sodium metal and nitrogen gas are created, here is the equation that reflects what takes place: 

In the lab carbon dioxide is created, here is the equation that reflects what takes place: 

Charles, Boyle, and Avagadro

So far, we have learned three different gas laws. One is Charles Law, one is Boyle's Law, and the last one is Avagadro's Law. The equation for each law derives from the ideal gas law equation, it is just oriented differently:

Each of the three gas laws differs because there are different things that remain constant in them all. Here is a link that more throughly explains this concept: http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Wikitexts/Solano_Community_College/Chem_160/Chapter_05%3A_Gases/5.02_The_Gas_Laws_of_Boyle,_Charles,_and_Avogadro

Ideal Gas Law

All of the gases that we will work with in Chemistry this year will be ideal gases. In order to quality as an ideal gas there are a few stipulations. Here is a link that should help you understand what these exactly are: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/kinetic/idegas.html

The equation that is shown in the picture below is the equation used for solving ideal gas law problems

Each letter in the equation means something different. Here is what each letter stands for (from left to right):

• Pressure
• Volume
• Number of Moles
• Universal Gas constant
• Temperature

Here is another link that should help you better understand how and when to use the equation: http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Core/Physical_Chemistry/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/States_of_Matter/Gases/Gas_Laws/The_Ideal_Gas_Law

Heating and Cooling Curves

In order to show the change of state of something, there is a graph that shows its specific state at different atmospheres and temperatures. It is called a phase diagram. These graphs have multiple different elements shown on them.
http://study.com/academy/lesson/what-are-heating-and-cooling-curves.html
Here is a list of the different parts:

• Triple Point
• Critical Temperature
• Critical Pressure
• Critical Point
• Slope (specific heat)

Here is a phase diagram and link elaborating on the subject:
-http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch14/phase.php
-https://www.khanacademy.org/science/chemistry/states-of-matter-and-intermolecular-forces/states-of-matter/v/phase-diagrams

This diagram has more detail in the labeling, while the one below simplifies the concept and shoes the three phases more clearly.

Energy and Phase Changes Overview

In this unit we have been really stressing the difference between intermolecular and intramolecular forces. Intra- occurs WITHIN a molecule, while inter- occurs between to neighboring molecules. Here is a link that elaborates in the differences between the two: https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/chemical-processes/covalent-bonds/a/intramolecular-and-intermolecular-forces

Aside from just the basics, there are two kinds of intramolecular forces: covalent and ionic. For intermolecular forces there are many more different kinds. Here are a couple links and an image that hopefully simplify things for you: http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Core/Physical_Chemistry/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Intermolecular_Forces/Overview_of_Intermolecular_Forces
http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/intermol/intermol.html

Here is a summary of the different types of Intermolecular Forces and what makes up each one.

Here is a diagram that shows how phase changes occur when the temperature changes. 

Boat racing

This past week we have been working on building and racing a boat that would run on the biodiesel that we created. For our boat, my group and I used a sardine can. In the can we were able to put our engine and have just enough room for our container with the bio diesel and the wick to fit.


Here is an image of what the biodiesel looked like after we made it. For our boats we had to remove the clean biodiesel from the glycerin, and then we could use it.

Here is an article written about the boat races that took place in the classes: http://fhhstoday.com/6624/news/pre-ap-chemistry-constructs-biodiesel-boats/

Here is a link that explains what it would due like to use biodiesel in real life boats, and whether or not this is an option: http://biodiesel.org/using-biodiesel/market-segments/marine